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The dynasty of srivijaya was one of the first kingdoms. It existed on Sumatra and was first described precisely by a buddhist monk, named I-Ching.
I-Ching stopped on Sumatra in 671, when he was traveling to a center of Buddhism in the north of India. The rulers of Srivijaya supported him on his traveling.
But already in the 5th century Chinese sources reported of a kingdom, named “Kanto Li” in the south of Sumatra, which was ruled by a Buddhist Raja, called Gautama Subhadra.The son of Raja Pryawarman established trade relations to china.
For a long time Sumatra was an important trading-partner of china, because the the Chinese ships of the era weren´t able to do long offshore-voyages. In the second half the trade collapsed for a while, triggered by a civil war in China.
Later, the rulers of srivijaya tried to reestablish the trade relations and offered them themselves as vassals to the ruling Tang Dynasty.
Also they tried to monopolize the trade with china and to establish their most important city Palembang as the only emporium in the region.
In 695 Srivijaya and its ruler Jaya Nasa controlled all harbours in the Region. By this he also was in control of the whole street of Malacca.
When I-Ching, who came back from his travels in india, where he studied the sanskrit language in, visited Sumatra again in 689, he found out, that the Kingdom of Srivijaya was a new center of Buddhism in Indonesia.
The practised kind of Buddhism on Sumatra was called Mahayana Buddhism and promised its believers to reach supernatural powers by tantric techniques and the self-absorption in meditation and asceticism.
The Buddhism also secured the power of the rulers in the kingdom. Deliverance was promised to the loyal followers. Especially loyal followers were remunerated with “Yantras”, which were given to them by the ruler. Yantras are magical symbols, which are used in meditation.
More than 1000 scholars of the Buddhist philosophy, like Skyaktri, Dharmapala and Vajrabudhi were teaching in Srivijaya. A library with Buddhist writings existed and also close relations to the Kingdom Nalanda in south India.
A brisk trading, knowledge and cultural exchange between India and Indonesia began.
The kingdom of Srivijaya could constantly grow and was controlling 14 city stats. It was permitted to them, to keep up free trading, but they had to pay a tribute to the rulers in Palembang.
A part of power was also based upon the Indonesian natives, who lived in the area. The Orang laut (= Seafarer), compelled by allocations, were a main part of the fleet of Srivijaya.
Another part of the natives, called Orang Asli (= forester) were occupied to exploit the local resources and luxury goods.
In 730 it came to confrontations with the javanese Kingdom Sanjaya. The war lasted more than 40 years and ended in 775, by diplomatic agreement, which was strengthened by a marriage.
In 730 it came to confrontations with the javanese Kingdom Sanjaya. The war lasted more than 40 years and ended in 775, by a diplomatic agreement, which was strengthened by a marriage.
In 850 Srivijaya had renew their relations to china or better to the new rulers of china, the Song Dynasty. They offered themselves once again as vassals and acknowledged the chinese emperor formally as the highest authority.
This prooves how much Sumatra was depending on the trade with china. However, chinas cultural influence on Srivijaya was relatively low compared to India.
The ruler in 850 was a displaced prince of the Sailendra Dynasty, named Balaputra, whose mother belonged to the Srivijaya Dynasty by marriage.
At the end of the 10th Century it came again to battles with the javanese neighbours of the kingdom mataram. During the war the King of srivijaya asked for help at the chinese emporer, but he wasn´t successful.
Despite that fact, in 1006 srivijaya could obtain the victory and conquered the capital city of mataram, which was also weakened by a natural disaster.
But just a little bit later the downfall of Srivijaya began.It was triggered by attackers of the idian Chola-Kingdom, which didn´t try to conquer Srivijaya, but to weaken it as an opponent in trading.
A second reason for the downfall was the fact, that the chinese Song Dynasty were able to do oversea-voyages with own ships. So, they weren´t depended on Palembang anymore. By this Srivijaya lost a big a part of its influence and income.
Anyway till the 13th century Srivijaya still had 15 vassals on his side. The power totally collapsed with the expansion of the javanese kingdoms Singhasari under his king Kertanagra. Srivijayas existence ended in 1377 with the capture of Palembang by the kingdom Majapahit.
(Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya)
The first known kingdoms on Java were the hinduistic kingdom of the Sanjaya Dynasty, as well as the Bhuddist kingdom of the Sailender Dynasty (also called Syailendra or Cailendra).
The emerging of the two Kingdoms is disputed. It could be assumed, that the Sanjaya and the Sailendra
dynasty had a different origination, also it can be presumed, that both dynasties were once one Kingdom, which was split in two parts.
Even more disorientation could be caused by the name. Because of the name Sailendra, which means (= Rulers of the mountain), it was assumed that they originated from the old kings of Funan (a precursor of the khmer culture and the first great kingdom in Southeast-Asia).
Newer researches point to a javanese origin of the Sailendra dynasty, which is supported by an old malay inscription from the 7th century.
Often the arising of the Sailendra kingdom is related to the introducing of the Buddhism, but also the sophisticated technique in the rice cultivation was an important factor.
For a long time, Sailendra had a peaceful relationship to the kingdom Srivijaya on Sumatra. The Srivijaya Dynasty hoped to minimise the possibility of getting a dangerous rival, the Sailendra Dynasty profited from the access to the international trade. So, they were involved in the trade with china and india, but never reached as much importance as Srivijaya.
The first king of the Sailendra Dynasty was Bhanu (772-775), he should have been the former leader of the old Kingdom of Mataram. The kings of the Sailendra kingdom, didn´t just had the status of god-kings, they counted as gods himself.
The followers could also reach enlightment by serving loyal to their leaders. A big part of the live, was connected to the duty for the ruling monarch.
In the era of Bhanus successor Wisnu (775-782) the construction of the famous temple Candi Borobudur began. On Wisnu followed Indra (782-812)., who invaded cambodia during his rule. A small story can be told to this incident.
It tells of the young khmer king, who demanded to see the head of the King of java on a tray. Many nobleman and military leaders adviced, because of the good relations to java, that no one should repeat this demand and no one should talk about it.
But, the young king got angry about this reaction and shouted out his demand again. This time his demand reached also the King on Java (in this time it could have been Indra) and the King of Java sent out his ships and troops to invade cambodia.
He was succesful and could also capture the young khmer king. The king of java promised not to ransack or to kill anyone in the conquested kingdom of cambodia, but the young khmer king should suffer from the demands he shouted out.
The king of Java ascended the throne and the head of the former king was brought to him on a tray, like he demanede it for his opponent.
According to the writing in Ankor, cambodia was conquered by java in 802, till the khmer King Jayavarman II, symbolicly proclaimed the independence, by puttin a Linga (= holy Stone) on the top of the mountain Kulen. This "ritual" was formally also performed in a similair manner in central Java.
Under the rule of Samaratunga (812-833) the Candi Borobudur was completed. The ruler Raja Samaratunga was reaching, according to believes of this time, by building Borobudur and by getting buried in it, the aggregation with buddha himself.
In 832 the rule of the Sailendra Dynasty ended. Some sources reporting, that the ruling Raja was displaced by a prince from the rivaling kingdom Sanjaya. This prince was named Rakai Pikatan and he married Pramodhawardhani, the daughter of Samaratunga.
According to this source, Balaputra, the last prince of the Sailendra Dynasty was brought to safetyand hided till he tried to recapture the old kingdom, but he lost the battle and flew into the kingdom of Srivijaya, where he was able to ascend to the throne.
Another source is reporting, that the weakened kingdom Sailendra was factual under the control of Srivijaya and that Srivijaya and his king Balaputra were driven away from java by the dynasty of Sanjaya.The hostility between Srivijaya and Mataram could be approve this assumption.
The Sanjaya Dynasty could expand its sphere of power and layed foundation for the kingdom of Mataram.
(Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Syailendra)
The hinduist kingdom of the Sanjaya Dynasty was located in central java, near to today´s Yogyakarta. It was a rival of its Buddhist neighboring kingdom, which was ruled by the Sailendra Dynasty, but it never came serious quarrels between them.
The Canngal inscription from 732, which can be found on a monument in central java, further report, that the first king of the Sanjaya dynasty was the son of the sister (Sannaha) of the last king (Sanna) of the old kingdom mataram.
It is not clarified, if the Sanjaya Dynasty was pushed away by the Sailendra Dynasty in 778, or if the Dynasty itself splitted up in two kingdoms. At least, it is known, that the hiduist Sanjaya dynasty had to retreat to the northeast of java in 778.
When the Sailendra Dynasty disappeared in 832, the Sanjaya Dynasty could expand its sphere of influence. This expansion was supported also by the marriage of the Sanjaya , Raja Pikatan (838-856) and the daughter of the former Sailendra king, Samaratunggam, named Pramodhawardhani.
The conjunction of buddhism and hinduism is also represented in the temple Prembanan, which was built by Raja Pikatan. It was the hiduist counterpart to Candi Borobudur, which was built by the Sailendra dynasty.
The top of the temple wasn´t a lingga-like phallus symbol, which were common in the architecture of hinduist temples, but a so called “Ratna”-Symbol” (diamant), which looked like a stupa, which is a symbol of Buddhism.
Anyway, other sources tell that the temple, was built several years later in 910 by Balitung Maha Sambu.
The still performed Indian epos Ramayana was also introduced ny the Sanjaya dynasty in 870. The Ramayana epos goes back to an Indian narration, called Ravanavadha. It was translated to old-javanese. During the translation a Javanese version of the Ramayana was formed.
In the beginning of the story, the Javanese version is nearly identical to the Indian ones, but with the progression of the story it changed more and more to an own Javanese variant.
The last king of the Sanjaya Dynasty was Mpu Sindok (929-947). Under his rule the administrative and cultural center of the kingdom was moved to east Java, caused by an eruption of the Gunung Merapi.
The relocation was also the beginning of a new dynasty. With Mpu´s son and successor, named Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya (947-985), the rule of the Isyana dynasty began.
Dharmawangs (985-1006) was the last king of mataram. Under his rule, the Indian epos Mahabarta was translated to Javanese. Also the narration Caritha Parahyangan, which reports about the rajas of the kingdom mataram was written under his ruke.
He expanded the kingdom, by conquering Bali and parts of West Kalimantan. To secure his influence on Bali, his Sister Mahendradatta was married to Udayana, the Raja of the Warmedewa Dynastiy, which ruled Bali.
Dharmawangsa also tried to conquer the kingdom of Srivijaya and was that successful for a while, that the rulers of srivijaya tried to get the support of their Chinese partners, but their request was denied.
Despite that fact, Dharmawangsa was not able to conquer the capital city of Srivijaya, named Palembang, instead of that, he had to retreat.
His rule and the era of the Kingdom Mataram ended with the capture of the capital city of mataram, by the buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya. The palace Watugaluh was destroyed and Dharmawangsa got killed.
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