Diese Seite auf Deutsch
It is assumed, that the indonesia didn´t exist before the Pleistocene (4. mio years ago). In times of the pleistocene today´s island were still connected to the the asian mainland.
2 Million years ago, java was also, beside marokko, china and algeria, the settlement area of the homo erectus (homonids). This was prooved, by the discovery of the so called java man on Java, who age was assumed to be more than 1,8 Mio. years.
With the climbing temperature and the melting ice the sea level raised and todays islands of indonesia emerged.
Just a few facts about the prehistorical eara of indoensia are known. The colonisation was happening slowly. Just small groups were migrating to indonesia between 3000 - 500 B.C. and most of them maintened their individual culture.
The first migrating wave happened at 3000 B.C. and consisted of old malay and people of mongolian origin a later wave at 1000 B.C. consisted migrants from the southasian subcontinent of india.
Each group had its own settlement area and its own individual culture, an own languga or an own idiom. This could be one reason ,because small settlements of this area never werer united to a bigger city or even a kingdom.
Because of the relatively equal spreaded resources all over indonesia, their was also no need for trading or just contact with cultures in far distances.
At the estuaries of Borneo and Sumatra most of the population could survive because of the excess supply of seafood in the area, on java the conditions for rice cultivatino were excellent, because of the volcanic terrain.
First traders reached indonesia already in the era of Christ. Java was known as a source for spices and wood very early. Borneo and Sumatra exported resins.
But the early contact with traders didn´t lead at once to a strong cultural influence or the formation of coherent dominions, instead of that, each small region concentrated on its own cultural identity and language.
Also wars, didn´t result in larger spheres of influence, because nearly all groups were equal to each other and mostly concentrated on exploitation of the local resources.
But some coastal regions advanced by the import of goods and knowledge from distant region. Also, first regional leaders, on which the early kingdoms on bali based upon, used the trade to built up their influence and wealth.
But their sphere of influence was mostly restricted to a small part of the coast, but despite that fact, every leader saw himself as the center of the world.
Perhaps, this was also the reason for the 200 different languages and dialects and the wealth of different cultural identities, that still exists in todays indonesia.
Till the 1st century indonesia an exchange between indonesia and the indian mainland existed. On one hand through migrants from the south indian region of Gujarat, on the other hand by trade with the indian mainland.
Also first forms of the indian language (Sanskrit) and the indian Script (Pallawa, Devanagari) should, which was spread by the indian prince Aka Cka (this era is also called "Caka era") arrived in indonesia at this time.
First Stone- and copper inscriptions written in sanscrit can be dated to the 1st century. Later, the sanskrit developed to a indonsian variant, called Kawi. The javanese is based upon this early script and may traces are still included in today´s javanese.
The island of Sumatra was called "Swarno Dwipa (Island of gold). Java was called "Java Dwipa" (Island of Rice).
Regulary trade with distance areas didn´t take place before the 5th century, but indications for singular exchanges exists.
Pliny the elder was reporting of indonesian outriggers, which were used in the trade with the east coast of africa.
In this coherence he also mentions the terms Maliou and labadiou. Malaiou could be the name of a region called Malayu in the south east of Sumatra. labadiou could be connected to Java.
The ties to India weren´t restricted to cultural exchange, also a briskly trade relationship was built up later between the buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya on Sumatra and the Kingdom Nalanda in south india.
A steady arrival of settlers between the 1st and 7th century led to the peaceful spreading of hindusim and buddhism in indonesia.
The hinduism wasn´t mainly spread by settlers, which was assumed long time, also travaling brahmans (priests) were carrying the hinduism from india to indonesia. One reason to believe in this, could be the fact, that the hindusim was also early known in places far away from the trade route (for expample East-Kalimantan, where the early hinduist Kingdom Kuta arose).
The Kingdom Kutai (Kerajaan Kutai Martadipura) arose in the 4th century in est Kalimantan. The frist king was name Kudungga and derived from cambodia, but he didn´t believe in hinduism yet.
One of his three sons, named Mulawarman was his successor and introduced the hinduism. To his honor a monument was built (called Yupa), after he made the sacrifice of 20.000 cows to a brahman priest. The kingdom Königreich Kutai Kerajaan Kutai Martadipura exists for 27 generations.
In the 16th century, it became part of the neighbouring sultanat, Kesultanan Kutai Kartanegara, which was founded in the 13th century by Sultan Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti (1300-1325),.
Till the 5th century the constant trade with china began. Western Indoneia exported camphor and resisns to china. Chinese sources reported of "persian resins from the south sea".
China was reliant on the trade with indonesia in this time, because it was cut of the central asian trade routes and by this it support the advancement in indonsia, which caused the forming of the first kingdoms and ports.
The most important port and trade center was Palembang, a part of the empire of srivijaya, which grew up to the main reloading point for goods in indonesia in the 7th century.
Bookmark this Site:
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
Place your ad here.